As the transportation sector works to reduce carbon emissions, synthetic fuels, e-fuels, and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are emerging as key alternatives. Ammonia, commonly used in fertilizers, is also being explored as a carbon-free fuel for power generation and maritime transport, thanks to its high energy density and ease of storage.

E-fuels, produced using renewable electricity, can replace fossil fuels within existing infrastructure, minimizing the need for major system changes. SAF offers a lower-emission alternative to conventional jet fuel, helping to decarbonize aviation. While these technologies show strong potential across multiple sectors, scaling them up and achieving cost competitiveness remain critical for global adoption.