Hydrogen, ammonia and fertilizers are playing an increasingly important role in the agricultural and energy sectors across Africa. Fertilizers are crucial for improving soil fertility and boosting crop yields, which is vital for food security at a time when the continent faces the dilemma of needing to sustainably feed its rapidly growing population whilst mitigating impacts of climate change to harvests. Hydrogen is also a crucial chemical and petrochemical raw material, particularly in refining and fertilizer production. Given the high energy intensity of the petrochemical industry, hydrogen could therefore play a key role in the decarbonization of the petrochemical industry if it is cost-competitive and provided from emission-free production processes.